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<text><![CDATA[- in partnership with Cité des Télécoms, presents<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[got it!<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[presented by Eric Hamonou<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[programme No.2 the bestiary of antennas and aerials <br>understanding the diversity of antennas and aerials<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Hello, everyone, and welcome to this second edition<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[of 'got it!' - a programmed brought to you by<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Orange-innovation.tv and Cité des Télécoms.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[It's not yet a regular habit but it soon will be<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[because we'll be here every two weeks,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[at the Cité des Télécoms in Pleumeur-Bodou<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[for a technological shape-up session<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[which will, I hope, make you more comfortable<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[in your digital life.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Ready ? Ok, off we go, here's the theme for today:<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[the bestiary of antennas and aerials<br>understanding the diversity of antennas and aerials<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[In the space of just twenty years,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[we've all become true 'wirelessophiles'<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[- in other words, collectors of antennas and aerials.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Because ever since the advent of wireless in the 90s,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[we've been endlessly putting these devices everywhere.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Soon, we'll be having to say<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA['walls have aerials' rather than 'walls have ears'.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Our houses receive - and this isn't new -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[television through an aerial installed on the roof.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[We listen to the radio through an aerial<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[positioned behind the tuner of our hi-fi system<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[or our clock-radio.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Internet is accessible from any point in the house<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[through wifi antennas.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[And it is even already possible<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[to remotely supply the keyboard and mouse of your computer,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[to recharge your PC<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[or mobile without any hint of a wire,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[thanks to power sockets<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[that are, once again, equipped with antennas.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Ultimately, even our light bulbs could have them,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[which would allow them to receive<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[the energy they need by means of waves.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Without even mentioning the fact that a great many chickens are defrosted<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and cooked in a matter of minutes thanks to the microwave antenna that shares its name.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[And it doesn't end there:<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[the lucky owners of luxury cars<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[full-equipped with GPS, anti-collision radar,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[reversing radar, radio<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and Bluetooth, connected to the UMTS network<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and paying an automatic payment subscription for the motorway<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[using an RFID antenna<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[are taking with them no less than 7 antennas, wherever they go<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[- without even taking into account the mobile phone antenna.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[And if it's a Smartphone, for example, the Rolls Royce of mobiles -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[these are up to 10 extra antennas<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[which they add to their collection.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Antennas and aerials are everywhere, they have invaded our homes,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[our cars, and our pockets, and it is entirely possible that one day<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[they will also invade our bodies<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[because tests are already underway, showing that it's possible<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[by grafting microscopic - even nanoscopic -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[antennas to our cells<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[to remotely control their activity,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and even to remotely guide miniscule submarines<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[through our arteries,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[which may, depending on the individual case, serve as<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[swabs to clear blocked arteries<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[or missiles loaded with active substances to target certain malfunctioning cells.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[This is the concept of surgical strike.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[But do you really know how an antenna or aerial works ?<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[And why do so many different kinds exist ?<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[No ? Well, then - follow the guide -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[here is the bestiary of antennas and aerials.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[the bestiary of antennas and aerials <br>understanding the diversity of antennas and aerials<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[The diversity of antennas and aerials<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[is limited only by the imagination of the engineers who create them.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[They now exist in absolutely every shape.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Some are rounded, others rectangular,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[spherical, in the shape of cones,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[spirals or rakes.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[There are fractal antennas,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and even antennas whose shape has been inspired by the natural world -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[such as the 'drop of water' antenna -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[or the antenna in the shape of a four-leaf clover.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[They can also be found in all sizes.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[One of the biggest antennas in the world<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[is the Arecibo radio telescope,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[on the small island of Porto Rico, in the West Indies.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[It is a spherical antenna 305 metres in diameter<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and 105 metres tall<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[dedicated to the exploration of space.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[At the other end of the scale, there are antennas<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[of just a few hundred nanometres<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[- just 1 billionth of a metre.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[These are a thousand times smaller<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[than the diameter of a hair.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[The ecosystem also has its extinct species<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[just as the telescopic antenna almost is -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[which was deployed before it was used.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Others are in the process of dying out<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[- such as the rake aerial, which will gradually disappear<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[from the skylines of our cities.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[A diversity which has, as we can see, nothing to envy the natural world<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and in which the law of natural selection is, as always,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[to be the best possible antenna.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[And the first condition an antenna must fulfil<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[in order for us to be able to say that it's good<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[it to possess the dimensions, in relation to the wavelength<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[it is intended to capture.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[In the same way as the size of the holes in a net<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[can be adapted to the size of the fish<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[it has to catch.  <br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[So, for each wavelength,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[there is an optimal antenna size<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[which allows it to catch the waves most effectively.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[In general they are half, or even a quarter, the size of the wave.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[For example, take<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[the GSM telephone you have in your pocket.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[It works through microwaves,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and the corresponding wavelength is about thirty centimetres.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Take a quarter or this value and you get<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[just about the size of your phone.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[That is the golden rule.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[But it takes more than that to make a good antenna or aerial,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[because capturing the waves that are freely circulating in the air<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[is good - but it's not enough.<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[The antenna or aerial also has to provide the transition<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[between free circulation - in the ambient air, for example,<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[and constrained circulation - we call it guided -<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[Inside the coaxial cable which connects the aerial<br />]]></text>
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<text><![CDATA[to the television or radio.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:04:45</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:04:47</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[So, an antenna or aerial is a bit like a fishing net,<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:04:47</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:04:49</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[whose purpose is - after all, why not ? -<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:04:49</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:04:51</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[to let fish of a certain size through<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:04:51</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:04:53</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[in the open sea in which they are free to come and go<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:04:53</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:04:55</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[as they wish, to a river in which<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:04:55</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:04:58</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[they are obliged to travel in a particular direction.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:04:58</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:01</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[You're going to say that such a net wouldn't work<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:01</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:03</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[because the fish in the sea, which - by definition - live<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:03</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:05</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[in salt water, cannot live in<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:05</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:07</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[a freshwater river.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:07</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:09</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[And you are quite right.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:09</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:11</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[It works in exactly the same way for waves<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:11</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:13</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[because, just as the fish flee<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:13</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:15</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[in the face of sudden variations in the salinity of the water,<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:15</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:17</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[waves flee in the face of sudden variations<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:17</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:20</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[in the characteristics of the environment in which they are circulating.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:20</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:22</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[So it is just as impossible to convince a wave<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:22</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:24</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[that is circulating in the air<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:24</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:26</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[to penetrate the inside of a coaxial cable<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:26</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:28</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[as it is to convince a deep-sea fish<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:28</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:30</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[to swim into a river.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:30</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:32</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[Unless we manage to make the transition from one environment to the other<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:32</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:34</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[as gentle as possible.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:34</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:36</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[A bit like in an estuary<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:36</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:38</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[where the salinity of the water gradually develops<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:38</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:40</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[allowing the fish of the sea<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:40</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:42</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[to go a little way up the river.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:42</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:44</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[Well, an antenna or aerial plays precisely this role for the waves<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:44</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:46</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[and it's there, for example,<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:46</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:48</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[that the shape of the antenna or aerial comes into play -<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:48</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:50</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[because it allows a gentle transition between<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:50</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:52</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[the coaxial cable and the air.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:52</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:54</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[One of the best shapes for making this transition<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:54</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:56</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[is, for example, the cone-shaped antenna<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:56</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:05:59</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[which flares gradually and continually.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:05:59</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:01</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[This is the shaped used for the Radome antenna.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:01</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:03</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[In a way, the waves have the time to become accustomed<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:03</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:05</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[to their new environment, and accept moving<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:05</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:07</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[from one environment to another without any problem.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:07</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:10</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[got it!<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:10</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:12</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[that's it, this programme has come to an end<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:12</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:14</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[we'll be back in two weeks<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:14</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:16</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[for a new edition of 'got it !' -<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:16</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:19</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[the programme which gives you all the detail about new innovations.<br />]]></text>
</item>
<item>
<tcIn>00:06:27</tcIn>
<tcOut>00:06:29</tcOut>
<text><![CDATA[Innovation has found its television.<br />]]></text>
</item>
</mySub>
